H5N1 avian flu has been detected in black rats in California, marking the first such case. This discovery follows previous confirmations of the virus in mice on affected farms and expands the list of infected mammals, which now includes a harbor seal, fox, bobcat, and domestic cat. The USDA is actively managing the ongoing outbreak, despite recent cost-cutting measures that led to the temporary dismissal of some bird flu experts, and continues to prioritize the response to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). This widespread infection has resulted in the culling of approximately 148 million birds and has contributed to rising egg prices and several human cases, including one fatality.
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A new H5N1 avian flu variant, D1.1, has been detected in Nevada dairy cows, marking the first documented instance of this strain’s transmission from wildlife to domestic cattle. Seven herds, totaling approximately 50,000 cows, are currently under quarantine. While a few human cases of mild conjunctivitis have been reported, the risk to the general public remains low due to pasteurization of milk products and the illegality of raw milk sales in Nevada. The Nevada Department of Agriculture is actively monitoring the situation, implementing biosecurity measures on affected farms, and collaborating with federal agencies to investigate the virus’s spread.
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The current H5N1 avian flu outbreak shows concerning signs of escalating, with at least 65 human cases reported this year, including the first severe U.S. infection. Key indicators fueling concern include the virus’s widespread presence in wastewater, unidentified human infections, and research suggesting it may require fewer mutations to become easily transmissible between humans. These developments, coupled with efficient spread among dairy cows, increasing human exposure, and potential for mutation during co-infection with seasonal flu, raise the possibility of a pandemic. While the immediate public health risk remains low, experts emphasize the urgent need for expanded surveillance and preventative measures, including widespread milk testing and vaccination of both farm animals and high-risk human populations.
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John Q. Hosedrinker